![]() ![]() 2nd century AD) constitute the core texts of the Nyaya school, one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy. Two of the six Indian schools of thought deal with logic: Nyaya and Vaisheshika. ![]() 350–283 BC) in his Arthashastra as an independent field of inquiry. 5th century BC) developed a form of logic (to which Boolean logic has some similarities) for his formulation of Sanskrit grammar. The Mahabharata (12.173.45), around the 5th century BC, refers to the anviksiki and tarka schools of logic. ![]() Guatama founded the anviksiki school of logic. While the teachers mentioned before dealt with some particular topics of Anviksiki, the credit of founding the Anviksiki in its special sense of a science is to be attributed to Medhatithi Gautama (c. Dattatreya expounded the philosophical side of Anvlksiki and not its logical aspect. It appears from the Markandeya purana that the Anvlksikl-vidya expounded by him consisted of a mere disquisition on soul in accordance with the yoga philosophy. Assemblies ( pariṣad or sabhā) of various sorts, comprising relevant experts, were regularly convened to deliberate on a variety of matters, including administrative, legal and religious matters.Ī philosopher named Dattatreya is stated in the Bhagavata purana to have taught Anvlksikl to Aiarka, Prahlada and others. Public debate is not the only form of public deliberations in preclassical India. Though the origins in India of public debate ( pariṣad), one form of rational inquiry, are not clear, we know that public debates were common in preclassical India, for they are frequently alluded to in various Upaniṣads and in the early Buddhist literature. Logic began independently in ancient India and continued to develop to early modern times without any known influence from Greek logic. Nasadiya Sukta, concerns the origin of the universe, Rig Veda, 10:129-6 Progress in mathematical logic in the first few decades of the twentieth century, particularly arising from the work of Gödel and Tarski, had a significant impact on analytic philosophy and philosophical logic, particularly from the 1950s onwards, in subjects such as modal logic, temporal logic, deontic logic, and relevance logic. The development of the modern "symbolic" or "mathematical" logic during this period by the likes of Boole, Frege, Russell, and Peano is the most significant in the two-thousand-year history of logic, and is arguably one of the most important and remarkable events in human intellectual history. Logic revived in the mid-nineteenth century, at the beginning of a revolutionary period when the subject developed into a rigorous and formal discipline which took as its exemplar the exact method of proof used in mathematics, a hearkening back to the Greek tradition. Empirical methods ruled the day, as evidenced by Sir Francis Bacon's Novum Organon of 1620. The period between the fourteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century saw largely decline and neglect, and at least one historian of logic regards this time as barren. The Stoics, especially Chrysippus, began the development of predicate logic.Ĭhristian and Islamic philosophers such as Boethius (died 524), Ibn Sina (Avicenna, died 1037) Thomas Aquinas (died 1274) and William of Ockham (died 1347) further developed Aristotle's logic in the Middle Ages, reaching a high point in the mid-fourteenth century, with Jean Buridan. Greek methods, particularly Aristotelian logic (or term logic) as found in the Organon, found wide application and acceptance in Western science and mathematics for millennia. Formal logics developed in ancient times in India, China, and Greece. The history of logic deals with the study of the development of the science of valid inference ( logic). ![]()
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